Microbes in Co-Operation

Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes

The human gut microbiota supplies its host with essential nutrients, including B-vitamins. Using the PubSEED platform, we systematically assessed the genomes of 256 common human gut bacteria for the presence of biosynthesis pathways for eight B-vitamins: biotin, cobalamin, folate, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin. On the basis of the presence and absence of genome annot...

Hospital Co-Operation in Westminster

((/) A complete co-operation between all the hospitals within the area, under which, while still maintaining their separate identity, they would, for all appropriate purposes, be amalgamated, in the sense of working together. (//) A limited co-operation between one or more hospitals for joint action in connection with the items set forth in (i), (ii), and (iii) above, and (c) A general working ...

Genetic Co-Occurrence Network across Sequenced Microbes

The phenotype of any organism on earth is, in large part, the consequence of interplay between numerous gene products encoded in the genome, and such interplay between gene products affects the evolutionary fate of the genome itself through the resulting phenotype. In this regard, contemporary genomes can be used as molecular records that reveal associations of various genes working in their na...

Co-ordinating Rule Setters – Co-operation in ICT Standards Setting

This paper highlights the need and relevance of standards in the modern complex business world, and identifies the critical problem on the interaction and collaboration of formal bodies and industry consortia that are co-responsible for standards development. Then, the discusses specific aspects relating to competition and co-operation in ICT standards setting, including a discussion about the ...

The Organisation of Co-operation